Corrosion Resistance of High-Performance Materials Titanium, Tantalum, Zirconium"

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Corrosion resistance is the property of a material to resist corrosion attack in a particular aggressive environment. Although titanium, tantalum and zirconium are not noble metals, they are the best choice whenever high corrosion resistance is required.

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Michael Schutze, born in 1952, studied materials sciences at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from 1972 to 1978, and then joined the Karl Winnacker Institute of DECHEMA as a research associate. He received his doctorate in engineering sciences from the Technical University of Aachen (RWTH) in 1983, and his lecturing qualifi cation in 1991, becoming a member of the external teaching staff of the RWTH, where he has held a professorship since 1998 and has been director of the Karl Winnacker Institute since 1996. He is a recipient of the Friedrich Wilhelm Prize, the Rahmel Schwenk Medal and the Cavallaro Medal, a past chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on Corrosion, editor of the journal Materials and Corrosion, past president of the European Federation of Corrosion, and of the World Corrosion Organization, as well as chairman of the Working Party Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products of the European Federation of Corrosion. Karl-Gunther Schutze, born in 1954, studied chemistry at the University of Frankfurt (Main). He joined the Karl-Winnacker Institute of DECHEMA for the diploma thesis in 1980 and started his Ph.D. thesis at the corrosion department of the same institute. He received his doctorate in physical chemistry in 1985, and worked since 1984 as head of the corrosion laboratory of Degussa AG. Since 2002 he is head of the materials engineering group of Evonik Industries AG in Hanau-Wolfgang. Roman Bender, born in 1971, studied chemistry at the Justus Liebig University of Giessen from 1992 to 1997. He received his doctorate in natural sciences from the Technical University of Aachen (RWTH Aachen) in 2001. After receiving his diploma he joined the Karl Winnacker Institute of the DECHEMA in Frankfurt (Main) as a research associate, where he has been head of the materials and corrosion group since 2000, and editor-in-chief of the world's largest corrosion data collection, the DECHEMA Werkstofftabelle and the Corrosion Handbook. In 2008 Dr. Bender was appointed CEO of the GfKORR - the Society for Corrosion Protection.

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Preface XI How to use the Handbook XIII Warranty disclaimer 1 Tantalum, niobium and their alloys 3 Introduction 3 Acetates (Salts) 4 L. Hasenberg Acetic Acid 4 G. Elsner Acid Halides 5 G. Elsner Aliphatic Aldehydes 5 G. Elsner Aliphatic Amines 6 L. Hasenberg Aliphatic Ketones 6 H. Barkholt Alkaline Earth Chlorides 6 R. Weidemann Alkaline Earth Hydroxides 6 A. Weser Alkanecarboxylic Acids 7 L. Hasenberg Alkanols 7 K. Hauffe Aluminium Chloride 7 L. Hasenberg Ammonia and Ammonium Hydroxide 8 P. Drodten Ammonium Salts 8 K. Hauffe Atmosphere 9 K. Baumann Bromides 10 K. John Bromine 10 K. John Carbonic acid 12 P. Drodten Carboxylic Acid Esters 12 L. Hasenberg Chlorinated Hydrocarbons -- Chloroethanes 13 H. G. Spilker Chlorinated Hydrocarbons -- Chloromethanes 14 H. G. Spilker Chlorine and Chlorinated Water 15 K. Hauffe Chlorine Dioxide 17 L. Hasenberg Ferrous Chlorides 17 A. Werner Fluorides 18 K. Hauffe Fluorine, Hydrogen Fluoride, Hydrofluoric Acid 19 K. Hauffe Formic Acid 22 H. Leyerzapf Hot Oxidizing Gases 22 K. Hauffe Hydrochloric Acid 29 A. Baumel, P. Drodten Hydrogen Chloride 43 H. Barkholt Hypochlorites 44 L. Hasenberg Industrial Waste Gases 45 G. Subat Lithium Hydroxide 45 K. John Methanol 45 H. G. Spilker Mixed acids 49 M. B. Rockel Nitric acid 52 K. Hauffe Phosphoric Acid 55 L. Hasenberg Polyols 59 G. Elsner Potassium Chloride 59 L. Hasenberg Potassium Hydroxide 60 P. Drodten Seawater 61 P. Drodten Sodium Chloride 61 M. B. Rockel Sodium Hydroxide 62 P. Drodten Sodium Sulfate 64 J. Kupper-Feser Soil (Underground corrosion) 65 G. Elsner Steam 65 H. Leyerzapf Sulfonic Acids 65 K. Hauffe Sulfur dioxide 66 L. Hasenberg Sulfuric Acid 67 L. Hasenberg Waste Water (industrial) 83 E. Heitz, G. Subat Bibliography 84 Titanum and titanium alloys 105 Introduction 105 Acetates (Salts) 107 L. Hasenberg Acetic Acid 107 G. Elsner Acid Halides 113 G. Elsner Aliphatic Aldehydes 113 G. Elsner Aliphatic Amines 114 L. Hasenberg Aliphatic Ketones 114 H. Barkholt Alkaline Earth Chlorides 114 R. Weidemann Alkaline Earth Hydroxides 116 A. Weser Alkanecarboxylic Acids 118 L. Hasenberg Alkanols (Monovalent Alkohols) 119 K. Hauffe Aluminium Chloride 122 L. Hasenberg Amine Salts 124 K. Hauffe Ammonia and Ammonium Hydroxide 125 P. Drodten Ammonium Salts 126 K. Hauffe Atmosphere 136 K. Baumann Benzene and Benzene Homologues 137 K. Hauffe Bromides 139 K. John Bromine 145 K. John Carbonic Acid 146 P. Drodten Carboxylic Acid Esters 146 L. Hasenberg Chlorinated Hydrocarbons -- Chloroethanes 148 H. G. Spilker Chlorinated Hydrocarbons -- Chloromethanes 151 H. G. Spilker Chlorine and Chlorinated Water 155 K. Hauffe Chlorine Dioxide 160 L. Hasenberg Ferrous/Ferric Chloride (FeCl2, FeCl3) 163 A. Werner Fluorides 178 K. Hauffe Fluorine, Hydrogen Fluoride, Hydrofluoric Acid 185 K. Hauffe Formic acid 191 H. Leyerzapf Hot Oxidizing Gases 192 K. Hauffe Hydrochloric Acid 201 A. Baumel, P. Drodten Hydrogen Chloride 218 H. Barkholt Hypochlorites 220 L. Hasenberg Industrial Waste Gases 222 G. Subat Lithium Hydroxide 226 K. John Methanol 227 H. G. Spilker Mixed Acids 240 M. B. Rockel Nitric Acid 246 K. Hauffe Phosphoric Acid 261 L. Hasenberg Polyols 266 G. Elsner Potassium Chloride 267 L. Hasenberg Potassium Hydroxide 271 P. Drodten Seawater 273 P. Drodten Sodium Chloride 280 M. B. Rockel Sodium Hydroxide 304 P. Drodten Sodium Sulfate 307 J. Kupper-Feser Soil 311 G. Elsner Steam 311 H. Leyerzapf Sulfonic Acids 312 K. Hauffe Sulfur Dioxide 313 L. Hasenberg Sulfuric Acid 317 L. Hasenberg Waste Water (industrial) 334 E. Heitz, G. Subat Bibliography 335 Zirconium and zirconium alloys 383 Introduction 383 Acetates (Salts) 384 L. Hasenberg Acetic Acid 384 G. Elsner Acid Halides 386 G. Elsner Aliphatic Aldehydes 386 G. Elsner Aliphatic Amines 386 L. Hasenberg Aliphatic Ketones 386 H. Barkholt Alkaline Earth Chlorides 387 R. Weidemann Alkaline Earth Hydroxides 388 A. Weser Alkanecarboxylic Acids 388 L. Hasenberg Alkanols 389 K. Hauffe Aluminium Chloride 390 L. Hasenberg Ammonia and Ammonium Hydroxide 390 P. Drodten Ammonium Salts 391 K. Hauffe Atmosphere 394 K. Baumann Bromides 395 K. John Bromine 396 K. John Carbonic Acid 396 P. Drodten Carboxylic Acid Esters 396 L. Hasenberg Chlorinated Hydrocarbons -- Chloroethanes 398 H. G. Spilker Chlorinated Hydrocarbons -- Chloromethanes 398 H. G. Spilker Chlorine and Chlorinated Water 400 K. Hauffe Chlorine Dioxide 401 L. Hasenberg Ferrous Chlorides 401 A. Werner Fluorides 411 K. Hauffe Fluorine, Hydrogen Fluoride, Hydrofluoric Acid 416 K. Hauffe Formic Acid 418 H. Leyerzapf Hot Oxidizing Gases 418 K. Hauffe Hydrochloric Acid 427 A. Baumel, P. Drodten Hydrogen Chloride 431 H. Barkholt Hypochlorites 432 L. Hasenberg Industrial Waste Gases 433 G. Subat Lithium Hydroxide 434 K. John Methanol 442 H. G. Spilker Mixed Acids 445 M. B. Rockel Nitric Acid 448 K. Hauffe Phosphoric Acid 453 L. Hasenberg Polyols 455 G. Elsner Potassium Chloride 455 L. Hasenberg Potassium Hydroxide 456 P. Drodten Seawater 457 P. Drodten Sodium Chloride 457 M. B. Rockel Sodium Hydroxide 459 P. Drodten Sodium Sulfate 460 J. Kupper-Feser Steam 460 H. Leyerzapf Sulfonic Acids 463 K. Hauffe Sulfur Dioxide 463 L. Hasenberg Sulfuric acid 468 L. Hasenberg Bibliography 474 Index of materials 493 Subject index 501