Statistics

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Statistics is written in clear, everyday language, without the equations that sometimes baffle non-mathematical readers. The goal is teaching students how to think about statistical issues. Techniques are introduced through examples, showing how statistics has helped solve major problems in political science, psychology, genetics, medicine, and other fields. Statistics in unusual in its emphasis on the models that underlie statisticalinference.The authors make the models comprehensible and show why choosing the wrong model can lead students astray. Carefully constructed exercises in every chapter offer practice in computational skills. Other call for rough estimates and qualitative judgments, so students are forced to come to grips with the concepts instead of mechanically applied formulas. Most sections close with an exercise set; the answers are in the back of the book, often with complete solutions. Chapters also have review exercises, without answers, for homework and tests. Illustrations are in integral part of the exposition. Beginners learn how to read histograms and scatter plots and how to think about these graphics in the context of real problems. Working drawings are all done freehand; students are encouraged to make similar sketches and are not intimidated by too much precision. Table of Contents Part I Design of Experiments Chapter 1. Controlled Experiments: The Salk Vaccine Field Trial Chapter 2. Observational Studies: Introduction Part II Descriptive Statistics Chapter 3. The Histogram: Introduction Chapter 4. The Average and the Standard Deviation: Introduction Chapter 5 The Normal Approximation for Data: The Normal Curve Chapter 6. Measurement Error: Introduction Chapter 7. Plotting Points and Lines: Reading Points off a Graph Chapter 8.Correlation: The Scatter Diagram Part III Correlation and Regression Chapter 9. More about Correlation: Features of the Correlation Coefficient Chapter 10. Regression: Introduction Chapter 11. The R.M.S. Error for Regression: Introduction Part IV Probability Chapter 12. The Regression Line: Slope and Intercept Chapter 13. What Are the Chances?: Introduction Chapter 14. More about Chance: Listing the Ways Chapter 15. The Binomial Formula: Introduction PART V. Change Variability : Chapter 16. The Law of Averages: What Does the Law of Averages Say? Chapter 17. The Expected Value and Standard Error: The Expected Value Chapter 18. The Normal Approximation for Probability Histograms: Introduction Part VI Sampling Chapter 19. Sample Surveys: Introduction Chapter 20. Chance Errors in Sampling: Introduction Chapter 21. The Accuracy of Percentages: Introduction Chapter 22.Measuring Employment and Unemployment: Introduction Chapter 23.The Accuracy of Averages: Introduction Part VII Chance Models Chapter 24. A Model for Measurement Error: Estimating the Accuracy of an Average Chapter 25. Chance Models in Genetics: How Mendel Discovered Genes Part VIII Tests of Significance Chapter 26 Tests of Significance Chapter 27 More Tests for Averages Chapter 28. The Chi-Square Test: Introduction Chapter 29. A Closer Look at Tests of Significance: Was the Result Significant?