Nuclear and Particle Physics

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This book is aimed at students of B.Sc.(Hons.), M.Sc. andM.Phil. in Physics. It examines the major developments in nuclear and particle physics that have taken place in the past few years. Written according to the UGC curriculum, the book presents the subject comprehensively. Besides, it also reflects new trends in the study of nuclear and particle physics. The book provides an up-to-date view of the field in a compact form. The study of nuclei is placed in its proper relation with the subject of subatomic particles. Relationships with the underlying quark substructure of nucleons and the fundamental interactions between the elementary building blocks of nuclei are emphasized. The text offers a concise-coverage of nuclear and particle physics in a lucid, and uncomplicated manner. Each chapter contains a wide range of worked-out problems. At the end of each chapter a good number of review questions, exercises, short-question answers and objective questions are provided so that the book may also be useful for UGC-CSIR, NET-SLET and othercompetitive examinations.

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S L Kakani, Ph. D., has authored a large number of research papers in the field of superconductivity, condensed matter and material science published in international journals of repute. Shubhra Kakani received her M.Sc. in Physics from M.D.S. University, Ajmer. She has co-authored four books. Presently, she is working on ?Itinerant Ferromagnetic Superconductors? at the Physics Department, the College of Science, Sukhadia University, Udaipur. Table Of Contents The Nucleus Introduction Rutherford?s Theory of Alpha Particle Scattering Chadwick?s Method of Measuring the Charge on the Nucleus General Characteristics of Atomic Nuclei in their Ground States Radioactivity Introduction Properties of Radioactive Rays Radioactive Decay Unit of Activity Successive Disintegrations (radioactive growth and decay Radioactive Equilibrium Radioactive Series Radioactive Branching Radon gas Radioactive Isotopes of Lighter Elements Statistical Nature of Radioactivity Statistical Errors of Nuclear Physics Measurement of Decay Constant Radioactive Dating: The Age of Minerals and Rocks Artificial Radioactivity Uses of Radio-Isotopes Nuclear Decay Nuclear Decay Alpha(a)-Decay Range of a-particles a-disintegration energy Range-energy relationship for a-particle Geiger-Nuttall Law The a-spectrum and fine structure Theory of a-Disintegration Beta Particles Electromagnetic Transitions g-decay and g-ray Transition Probability Mossbauer Effect Nuclear Forces and Two Body Problem Introduction Ground State of Deutron (21D Schrodinger wave equation for deutron and its Solution Nucleon-nucleon scattering Scattering cross section Scattering length and effective range Radial equation at low energy Spin Dependence of n-p Interaction Effective Range Theory Effect of chemical binding on n-p scattering Non-Central Force (Tensor Force) Exchange Interaction and Saturation of Nuclear Forces Exchange and Saturation of Nuclear Forces Isospin Formation Exchange operators Isobaric Analogue States High energy n-p and p-p scattering Polarization: high energy nucleon scattering Meson Theory of Nuclear Force Nuclear Structure and Models Introduction Fermi Gas Model Liquid Drop Model The Fermi Gas Model The Shell Model Single Particle Shell Model Individual (Independent) Particle Model Collective Model Unified (Nilsson) Model (coupling of Particle and collective motion) Superfluid Model Giant Resonances Optical Model Nuclear Reactions (Interactions) Introduction Types of Nuclear Reactions Conservation Laws Collision Between Subatomic Particles Energy Considerations in Nuclear Reactions Experimental Determination of Q-value Nuclear Reaction Cross-section The Nuclear Level Spectrum Classical Analysis of Nuclear Reaction Cross-section Partial-Wave description of Reaction Cross-section Reaction Yield Nuclear Transmutations Reciprocity Theorem (Inverse Process) Theories of Nuclear Reactions Continuum States of the Compound Nucleus Decay (or Emission) Rates of the Compound Nucleus Neutron Physics and Nuclear Energy Discovery of neutron Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission as a Source of Energy Nuclear Fusion Experimental Techniques Introduction Detectors For Particles Particle Accelerators Elementary Particles and Particle Physics Introduction Salient Features Classification of Elementary Particles Fundamental Interactions in Nature Particle Instability Conservation Laws Resonances Higher Baryonic States Symmetry Classification of Elementary Particles Quark Model Quantum Chromody namics (QCD) Charmed Quark Beauty and Truth Weak Interactions Unification of Electromagnetic and Weak (Electroweak) interactions Grand Unified Theory Cosmic Rays Introduction Discovery of Cosmic rays Nature of Cosmic rays Soft and Hard Components Variations in Cosmic Rays Geomagnetic Effect of Cosmic Rays Instruments and Apparatus used in Research on Cosmic Rays Absorption of Cosmic Rays Discovery of Positrons Cosmic Ray Showers Discovery of Muons Properties of the m-meson Interaction of Muon with Matter Discovery of the pi-meson Origin of Cosmic Rays Future of cosmic ray research